MARTHA NUSSBAUM’S CAPABILITIES APPROACH: HUMAN FLOURISHING, JUSTICE, AND DIGNITY

Abstract

Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approach has emerged as a transformative framework for understanding human flourishing, justice, and dignity within contemporary political philosophy and development ethics. Building upon the works of Aristotle, Amartya Sen, and Kant, Nussbaum advances a normative account of justice grounded in the provision of substantive opportunities that enable individuals to lead lives they have reason to value. Central to her theory is the list of ten central capabilities, which encompass essential domains such as life, bodily health, practical reason, emotions, affiliation, and control over one’s environment. By shifting the focus from economic growth and resource distribution to what individuals are actually able to do and be, Nussbaum offers a holistic vision of well-being that integrates autonomy, equality, and respect for human dignity. This article critically examines the philosophical foundations of the capabilities approach, its divergence from Sen’s philosophical thought, and its normative implications for distributive justice and human rights. It further explores the approach’s practical relevance for policymaking, particularly in areas such as gender justice, poverty reduction, education, disability rights, and social inclusion. While acknowledging criticisms concerning cultural relativism, universality, and potential paternalism, the article demonstrates the enduring relevance of Nussbaum’s framework for rethinking justice in a pluralistic and interconnected world. Ultimately, the capabilities approach provides a powerful lens for promoting human dignity, expanding freedoms, and ensuring equitable opportunities for all.